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This edition examined how in the long past the biology of an individual was applied in explaining deviant or criminal behaviour, and how theories were formulated based on the biological make-up of the individual. Over the years there has been a shift from biology focused theories in explaining criminality to genetic, social, and psychological accounts. This literature is an expansion of the original version and further explored the effect that marginalization has on the individual or group(s) that propel them to engage in behaviours that are tagged deviant by society. It also explores the implications of different theoretical explanation to criminality.